IELTS B8T1
Academic Module

READING

READING PASSAGE 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below

Green roofs

A. Rooftops covered with grass, vegetable gardens and lush foliage are now a common sight in many cities around the world. More and more private companies and city authorities saving on energy costs, mitigating the risk of floods, making habitats for urban wildlife, tackling air pollution and even growing food. These increasingly radical urban designs can help cities adapt to the monumental problems they face, such as access to resources and a lack of green space due to development. But the involvement of city authorities, businesses and other institutions is crucial to ensuring their success- as is research investigating different option to suit the variety of rooftop spaces found in cities. The UK ais relatively new to developing green roofs, and local governments and institutions are playing a major role in spreading the practice. London is home to much of UK’s green roof market, mainly due to forward-thinking policies such as the London Plan, which has paved the way to more than doubling the area of green roofs in the capital.

B. Ongoing research is showing how green roofs in cities can integrate with ‘living walls’: environmentally friendly wall which are partially or completely covered with greenery, including a growing medium, such as soil or water. Research also indicates that green roofs can be integrated with drainage systems on the ground, such as street tress, so that the water is managed better and the built environment is made more sustainable. There is also evidence to demonstrate the social value of green roofs. Doctors are increasingly prescribing time spent gardening outdoors for patients dealing with anxiety and depression. And research has found that access to even the most basic green spaces can provide a better quality of life for dementia suffers and help people avoid obesity.

C. In North America, green roofs have become mainstream, with a wide array of expansive accessible and food-producing roofs install in buildings. Again, city leaders and authorities have helped push the movement forward- only recently, San Francisco, USA, created a policy requiring new buildings to have green roof. Toronto, Canada, has policies dating from 1990, encouraging the development of urban farms on the rooftops. These countries also benefit from having newer buildings than in many parts of the world, which makes it easier to install green roofs. Being able to keep enough water at roof height and distribute it right across the rooftop is crucial to maintaining the plants on any green roof- especially on ‘edible roofs’ where fruit and vegetables are farmed. And it’s much easier to do this in newer buildings, which can typically hold greater weight, than to retro-fit old ones. Having a stronger roof also makes it easier to grow a greater variety of plants, since the soil can be deeper.

D. For green roofs to become the norm for new developments, there needs to be support from public authorities and private investors. Those responsible for maintaining buildings may have acquire new skills, such as landscaping, and in some cases, volunteers may be needed to help out. Other considerations include installing drainage paths, meeting health and safety requirements and perhaps allowing access for the public, as well as planning restrictions and disruption from regular activities in and around the buildings during installation. To convince investors and developers that installing green roofs in worthwhile, economic arguments are still the most important. The term ‘natural capital’ has been developed to explain the economic arguments are still the most important. The term ‘natural capital’ has been developed to explain the economic value of nature; for example, measuring the money saved by installing natural solutions to protect against flood damage, adapt to climate change or help people lead healthier and happier lives.

F. As the expertise about green roofs grows, official standards have been developed to ensure that they are designed, constructed and maintained properly, and function well. Improvements in the science and technology underpinning green roof development have also led to new variations in the concept. For example, ‘blue roofs’ enable buildings to hold water over longer period of time, rather than draining it away quickly- crucial in times of heavier rainfall. There are also combinations of green roofs with solar panels and ‘brown roofs’ which are wilder in nature and maximise biodiversity. If the trend continues, it could create new jobs and a more vibrant and sustainable local food economy- alongside many other benefits. There are still barriers to overcome, but the evidence so far indicates that green roofs have potential to transform cities and help them function sustainably long into the future. The success stories need to be studied and replicate elsewhere, to make green, blue, brown and food-producing roofs the norm in cities around the world.

Questions 1-5

Reading Passage 1 has five paragraph, A-E

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

NB       You may use any letter more than once

1. mention of several challenges to be overcome before a green roof can be installed {Blank_1}
2. reference to city where green roofs have been promoted for many years
3. a belief that existing green roofs should be used as a model for new ones
4. examples of how green roofs can work in combination with other green urban initiatives
5. the need to make a persuasive argument for the financial benefits of green roofs

Questions 6-9

Complete the summary below

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from each passage for each answer

Write your answer in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet

Questions 10 and 11

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Write the correct letters in boxes 10 and 11 on your answer sheet

Which TWO advantages of using newer buildings for green roofs are mentioned in paragraph C of the passage?

Questions 12 and 13

Choose TWO letters, A-E

Write the correct letters in boxes 12 and 13 on your answer sheet

Which TWO aims of new variations on the concept for green roofs are mentioned in paragraph E of the passage?

READING PASSAGE 2

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

The growth mindset

Over the past century, a powerful idea has taken root in the educational landscape. The concept of intelligence as something innate has been supplanted by the idea that intelligence is not fixed, and that, with the right training, we can be the authors of our own cognitive ability. Then, in early 20^th century scientist who held that earlier view and sought to quantify cognitive ability. Then, in the early 2oth century, progressive thinkers revolted against the notion that inherent ability is destiny. Instead, educators such as John Dewey argued that every child’s intelligence could be developed, given the right environment.

‘Growth mindset theory’ is a relatively new- and extremely popular – version of this idea. In many schools today you will see hallways covered in motivational posters and hears speeches on the mindset of great sporting heroes who simply believed their way to the top. A major focus of the growth mindset in school is coaxing students away from seeing failure as an indication of their ability, and toward seeing it as a chance to improve that ability. As educationalist Jeff Howard noted several decades ago: ‘Smart is not something that you just are, smart is something that you can get’.

The idea of the growth mindset is based on the work psychologist Carol Dweck in California in the 1990s. In one key experiment, Dweck divided a group of 10- to 12-year-olds into groups. All were told they had achieved a high score on a test but the first group were praised for their intelligence in achieving this, while the others were praised for their effort. The second group- those who had been instilled with a ‘growth mindset’- were subsequently far more likely to put more effort into future tasks. Meanwhile, the former took on only those tasks that would not risk their sense of worth. This group had inferred that success or failure is due to innate ability, and this ‘fixed mindset’ had led them to fear of failure and lack of effort. Praising ability actually made the students perform worse, while praising effort emphasised that change was possible.

One of the greatest impediments to successfully implementing a growth mindset, however, is the education system itself: in many parts of the world, the school climate is obsessed with performance in the form of constant testing, analysing and ranking of students- a key characteristic of the fixed mindset. Nor is it unusual for schools to create a certain cognitive dissonance, when they applaud the benefits of a growth mindset but then hand out fixed target grades in lessons based on performance

Aside from the implementation problem, the original growth mindset research has also received harsh criticism. The statistician Andrew Gelman claims that ‘their research design have enough degrees of freedom that they could take their data to support just about any theory at all’. Professor of Psychology Timothy Bates, who has been trying to replicate Dweck’s work, is finding the results are repeatedly null. He notes that: ‘People with a growth mindset don’t cope any better with failure … Kids with the growth mindset aren’t getting better grades, either before or after our intervention study’.

Much of this criticism is not lost on Dweck and she deserves great credit for responding to it and adapting her work accordingly. In fact, she argues that her work has been misunderstood and misapplied in a range of ways. She also expressed concern that her theories are being misappropriated in schools by being conflated with the self-esteem movement: ‘For me the growth mindset is a tool for learning and improvement. It’s not just a vehicle for making children feel good.’

But there is another factor at work here. The failure to translate the growth mindset into the classroom might reflect a misunderstanding of the nature of teaching and learning itself. Growth mindset supporters David Yeager and Gregory Walton claim that interventions should be delivered in a subtle way to maximise their effectiveness. They say that if adolescents perceive a teacher’s intervention as conveying that they are in need of help, this could undo its intended effects.

A lot of what drives students is their innate beliefs and how they perceive themselves. There is a strong correlation between self-perception and achievement, but there is evidence to suggest that the actual effect of achievement on self-perception is stronger than other way round. To stand up in a classroom and successfully deliver a good speech is a genuine achievement, and that is likely to be more powerfully motivating than vague notions of ‘motivation’ itself.

Recent evidence would suggest that growth mindset intervention are not the elixir of student learning that its proponents claim it to be. The growth mindset appears to be a viable construct in the lab, which, when administered in the classroom via targeted interventions, doesn’t seem to work. It is hard to dispute that having faith in the capacity to change is a good attribute for students. Paradoxically, however that aspiration is not well served by direct interventions that try to instil it.

Motivationally posters and talks are often a waste of time, and might well give students a deluded notion of what success actually means. Teaching concrete skills such as how to write and effective introduction to an essay praising students effort in getting there is probably a far better way of improving confidence than telling them how unique they are, or indeed how capable they are of changing their own brains. Perhaps growth mindset works best as a philosophy and not an intervention.

Questions 14-16

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D

Write the correct letter in boxes 14-16 on your answer sheet

14. What can we learn from the first paragraph?

15   The second paragraph describes how schools encourage students to

16   in the third paragraph, the writer suggests that students with fixed mindset

Questions 17 – 22

Look at the following statements (Questions 17-22) and the list of people below

Match each statement with the correct person or people, A-E

Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 17 – 22 on your answer sheet

NB You may use any letter more than once

17   The methodology behind the growth mindset studies was not strict enough {Blank_1}

18   The idea of the growth mindset has been incorrectly interpreted

19   Intellectual ability is an unchangeable feature of each individual

20    The growth mindset should be promoted without students being aware of it

21    The growth mindset is not simply about boosting students; morale

22     Research shows that the growth mindset has no effect on academic achievement

Questions 23-26

Do the following statements agree with the views of the winter in Reading Passage 2?

YES                     if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO                       if the statement contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN     if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

23   Dweck has handled criticism of her work in an admirable way.

25. Recent evidence about growth mindset interventions has attracted unfair coverage in the media.

26. Deliberate attempts to encourage students to strive for high achievements may have a negative effect.

READING PASSAGE 3

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.

Alfred Wegener: science, exploration and the theory of continental drift

By Mott T Greene

Introduction

This is book about the life and scientific work of Alfred Wegener, whose reputation today rest with his theory of continental displacement, better known as ‘continental drift’. Wegener proposed this theory in 1912 and developed it extensively for nearly 20 years. His book on the subject, The Origin of Continents and Oceans, went through four editions and was focus of an international controversy in his death.

Wegener’s basic idea was that many mysteries about the Earth’s history could be solved if one supposed that the continents moved laterally, rather than supposing that they remained fixed in place. Wegener showed in great detail how such continental movement were plausible and how they worked, using evidence from a large number of sciences including geology, geophysics, paleontology, and climatology. Wegener’s idea- that the continents move- is at the heart of the theory that guides Earth sciences today: namely plate tectonics. Plate tectonics is in many respects quite different from Wegener’s proposal, in the same way that modern evolutionary theory is a descendant of Darwin’s theory of natural selection.

When I started writing about Wegener’s life and work, one of the most intriguing things about him for me was that, although he came up with theory on continental drift, he was not geologist. He trained as an astronomer and pursued a career in atmospheric physics. When he proposed the theory of continental displacements in 1912, he was a lecturer in physics and astronomy at the University of Marburg, in southern Germany. However, he was not an ‘unknown’. In the 1906 he had set a world record (with his brother Kurt) for time aloft in a hot-air-balloon: 52 hours. Between 1906 and 1908 he had taken part in a highly publicized and extremely dangerous expedition to the coast of northeast Greenland. He had also made a name for himself amongst a small circle of meteorologist and atmospheric physicist in Germany as the author of a textbook, Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere (1911), and of a number of interesting scientific papers.

As important as Wegener’s work on continental drift has turned out to be, it was largely a sideline to his interest in atmospheric physics, geophysics, and paleoclimatology, and thus I have been at great pains to put Wegener’s work on continental drift in the larger context of his other scientific work, and in the even larger context atmospheric sciences in his lifetime. This is a ‘continental drift book’ only to the extent that Wegener was interested in that topic and later become famous for it. My treatment of his other scientific work is no less detailed, though I certainly have devoted more attention to the reception of his ideas on continental displacement, as they were much more controversial than his other work.

Readers interested in the specific detail of Wegener’s career will see that he often stopped pursuing a given line of investigation (sometimes for years on end), only to pick it up later. I have tried to provide guideposts to his rapidly shifting interests by characterizing different phases of his life as careers in different sciences, which is reflected in the titles of the chapters. This, the index should be a sufficient guide for those interested in particular aspect of Wegener’s life but perhaps not all of it. My own feelings, however, is that the parts do not make as much sense on their own as do all of his activities taken together. In this respect I urge readers to try experience Wegener’s life as he lived it, with all the interruptions, changes of mind, and renewed efforts this entailed.

Some famous scientists, such as Newton, Darwin, and Einstein, left mountains of writter material behind, hundreds of notebooks and letters numbering in the tens of thousands. Others, like Michael Faraday, left extensive journals of their thoughts and speculations, parallel to their scientific notebooks. The more such materials a scientist leaves behind, the better chance a biographer has of forming an accurate picture of how a scientist’s ideas took shape and evolved.

I am firmly of the opinion that most of us, Wegener included, are not in any real sense the authors of our own lives. We plan, think, and act, often with apparent freedom, but most of the time our lives ‘happen to us’, and we only retrospectively turn this happenstance into a coherent narrative of fulfilled intentions. This book, therefore, is a story both of the life and scientific work that actually ‘happened to him’. These are, as I think you will soon see, not always the same thing.

Questions 27-30

Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, write

27   Wegener’s ideas about continental drift were widely disputed while he was alive.

28   The idea that the continents remained fixed in place was defended in a number of respected scientific     publications.

29   Wegener relied on a limited range of scientific fields to support his theory of continental drift.

30   The similarities between Wegener’s theory of continental drift and modern-day plate tectonics are enormous.

Questions 31-36

Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-J, below

Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.

Questions 37-40

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D

Write the correct letter in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.

37   What is Mott T Greene doing in the fifth paragraph?

38. What is said about Wegener in the sixth paragraph?

39. What does Greene say about some other famous scientists?

40. What is Greene’s main point in the final paragraph?